The Biggest Con in the Publishing Industry

[Some] Editors and Self-Publishing Companies are Out to Fleece You

So, you've written a book, and now you're trying to decide if you should seek a literary agent to represent your work to the traditional publishing industry, or if you should self publish. As I noted in the previous post, either option has advantages. In some cases, you should go through the arduous task of finding an agent and endure the seemingly endless round of rejection slips. In the end, it will be worth it to be traditionally published. In other cases, you should toss the idea that you need to have an agent, and you should self publish.

But in either case, as I also noted in the previous post, you should have your manuscript evaluated and edited before proceeding with either endeavor.

And this is where professional editors and self publishing companies in many cases are out to bleed you dry. Go to YouTube and search for "book editors." Go to Google and do the same search. On YouTube you will find slick and friendly videos of professional editors who also extol the necessity of getting your manuscript into shape. Some of them warn you of self publishing, and that is because they are products of the traditional publishing industry. They will rightly tell you that before you seek an agent, consider their services:

• Editorial evaluations
• Developmental Editing
• Line Editing
• Copyediting
• Query letters

Self-publshing companies (POD) will tell you same thing, except in their case, they provide a one-stop and convenient way to take you all the way to having your book published and soon listed on Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and other online bookseller sites. You can even have your books turned into ebooks.

POD companies also offer what professional editors offer, but they go a step further and tell you that they will also do this:

• Typeset your work
• Provide an ISBN 
• Copyright your manuscript
• "Publish" your book

On the surface professional editors and POD companies are offering invaluable services. The problem is that some of them are out to make as much money from their services as they possibly can, and if you go along with seemingly amazing offers, long before your book is ready to even send to an agent, you will have spent thousands and thousands of dollars.

Here is what one independent editor who is a product of the New York publishing world indicates she will charge you for her invaluable services:

• Providing a book proposal to an agent: $2,000.00
• Providing you with a 10 to 25 page editorial evaluation (of a manuscript up to 110,000 words): $2,800.00. Up to 140,000 words: $3,150.00
• Developmental editing also known as advanced editing, heavy editing, line editing: .06/word. This translates to $6,000.00 for a 100,000 word manuscript
• Copyediting at .045/word. This translates to $4500.00 for a 100,000 word manuscript.

Pod companies charge similar rates, but in addition to take your work all the way to being published (or really just print-ready) they also have levels of services of anywhere from $600.00 to $1200.00 and up.

So, before you see a single copy of your book sold, before you have received a single penny of royalties, you could be out as much as $10,000.00. YouTube it, Google it, add up the services these editors and companies charge. You'll come up with similar numbers.

What editors and POD companies have discovered is that novice authors will spend and spend to see their books in bookstores, displayed in brick and mortar stores, and authors will choose the higher-priced editors and companies thinking that they're getting more professional and better services.

The real truth is that you do need to have your work evaluated, you do need to engage the services of a competent editor, you might need developmental editing services. But the other truth is you don't have to pay these kinds of prices.

And most important, even if you choose a POD company like Amazon's CreateSpace, you can forego all their in-house editing fees and only pay for the book setup (typesetting), getting an ISBN, and being listed on the online bookseller sights. CreateSpace pays authors royalties of 40% and they pay once a month. So by saving money on their in-house editing (and going to a truly independent editor for those services), you can cut down all but the fairly reasonable fees to have them "print your book on demand" (POD).

If you're reading this, you have found one company where the prices are humanely reasonable. You have found a many-times published writer, an award-winning writer, and a professional editor who has worked across the industry spectrum for over thirty years. My company is Two Brothers Press. Or contact me directly with questions. But there are other independent editors out there who offer similar expertise for reasonable prices. My goal is to help writers with their work, to make it the best it can be, before sending it off to an agent if you want or to self publish. I've done both, and I know what to expect.

Yes, just like the editors I have talked about out to fleece you, I also charge for my services, but I'm not out to make a living off of only a few authors, and I have been published traditionally and self published. I know the ropes. I specialize in fiction in a rainbow of genres from murder mysteries to fantasy and science fiction, from biographical fiction to historical romances, from M:M romances to action and adventure, from suspense/thrillers to general fiction. I also do non-fiction in a variety of genres.

To Publish Traditionally or Print on Demand

The Raging Debate between Two Paradigms

If you're going to publish traditionally, you have to get an agent. The literary agent will be the one to submit your manuscript to a "traditional" publisher. There are probably still small and regional traditional publishers who will accept unsolicited manuscripts, or queries direct from writers. But you have about as much chance of being traditionally published without an agent as you do winning the lottery. Traditional publishers want literary agents to wade through manuscripts and select ones they submit to them for consideration.

That is the first issue you must face head-on if you're going to be published the traditional way.

What is "traditional" publishing? It is getting your book published by a royalty-paying publisher (fat chance at getting an advance), without expecting authors to pay to have their book published, without paying for editing services, without paying for book promotion, without having to pay for cover design, and having their books appear on brick and mortar bookstore shelves. Further, traditionally published books do not have the stigma that is attached to self-published books. Bookstores and libraries look askance at self-published or POD books.

That is the second issue you need to know before considering self-publishing or having your book available through "print on demand" technology. Most publishers and agents believe that a self-published book means that the author is not good enough to be published traditionally. Before print-on-demand "publishing" opened the flood gates to the unwashed masses being able to get their books published (for a fee), there was what was known as "vanity" publishers. And today, POD published books are widely considered to be "vanity" published.

But...if you're going to be published traditionally, here is the downside:

• New writers will probably not be offered an advance. Forget about buying your parents a new car with your hefty advance. If you do get an advance against royalties, it will probably be less than $5,000. 
• A traditional publisher only truly promotes best-selling authors. You'll be lucky to have your book sent out to a few review publications, and no, you're not going to be appearing on Oprah, The Today Show, or Good Morning America. These promotions are reserved for well-known writers or infamous people.
• You will have about six months on bookstore shelves for your book to prove that it will sell well. Bookstores have limited shelf space, and they're not going to waste it on titles that sit there and don't sell.
• Your book will get no more than a year of life before it is taken "out of print" by the publisher if it doesn't sell well. 
• When your book is taken out of print, it goes onto the remainder shelves, and no, you don't get any royalties from remaindered books.

The problem with traditional publishers is that they have been aggregated into only five mega companies, and they control the lion's share of published books that appear on bookstore shelves.

Now let's consider being self-published or published through print on demand.

The first issue that you're going to have to face is being accused of having to pay to have your book published. Bookstores won't stock your books; book review magazines won't review your books—unless you pay to have it done. This means that you are going to have to do the promotion yourself.

But there is an even more important consideration with self-publishing. You will have to prove that your book is excellent. If you do not care about sloppy writing, misspelled words, grammatical and other errors in your work, and all you care about is getting your book "published" despite the fact that you have to pay for it, and all you want is to see your title listed on Amazon, lean in a little closer, and I will tell you a secret:

Your book is only going to sell a few copies online, and then readers are going to prove exactly what agents, bookstores, and traditional publishers have been saying. Readers will say that your book is not good. You'll harm yourself as a writer if you do not care about excellence. And you'll harm the POD side of book publishing.

But this is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Instead, to be a successful self-published writer, you're going to have to make sure that your book is good, really really good. The cover design has to be top-notch, the structure and layout of the body of the book has to compete with traditionally published books. It has to be tightly written, free of egregious errors, typos, misspelled words, and just about everything a traditionally published book is.

If you're going to be self-published and you write an excellent book, here is the upside to non-traditional, POD publishing:

• When a reader discovers your book on Amazon and gives you a good review, word-of-mouth advertising and a glowing review will encourage new buyers.
• Your book does not have to break sales records to stay in print. In fact, your book will never go out of print. Over time, you will garner respectable sales numbers.
• Although you won't get an advance against royalties, you can get much better royalties than a new writer with a traditional publisher. Instead of 6% royalties (or at most 10% royalties) that a traditional publisher pays, you will get at least 40% royalties. Instead of being paid royalties every 90 days (through a traditional publisher), you will get paid royalties every month.

Indeed, it takes a hefty dose of self-confidence to publish your own book, you do have to find independent cover artists, pay to have your book edited, and do your own promotion. But the greatest upside to publishing your own books (as long as they are excellent) is that the more you publish the greater your income.

So, let's say you're a young person. Try to get an agent and go the traditional publishing route.

But let's say that you're somewhat older or retired and you want to set your hand at writing. I strongly suggest self-publishing, especially if you have more than one book inside of you. Don't waste your time getting a bale of rejection slips from agents or publishers as the months and years slip away. Gear up, write your book, hire an editor. (Don't pay the exorbitant fees through a POD company like Authorhouse, CreateSpace, iUniverse, Xfinity, etc.) Hire independent editors and eliminate the middle man. Instead of paying $4500.00 to have your book professionally edited, pay $1200.00 or less through an independent editor. With an independent editor, you will have a one-on-one relationship with the editor that you don't get through a POD company.

Nora Jones (singer/songwriter) and other musical artists have proven that they do not need a recording contract to become well known. What they do, however, is insist that their work is excellent. They do not settle for sloppy production values, and as a writer, neither should you.

I'm Thinking About Words

Words that Confuse and Confound Us

As I was working on a novel years ago, the word "feckless" came to me. I must have encountered it somewhere in my life, but I had no idea what it meant. I thought it sounded like a kind of cruelty and I wanted to apply it to the phrase "feckless desert" to indicate how the desert can be a passive killing machine: unforgiving heat, lack of water, bone-drying sun, along with vicious plant and animal life.

When I actually looked up "feckless" in the dictionary, I discovered that it meant "lacking initiative or strength of character, irresponsible"...So, I was wrong about the word, confounded by it and have had occasion to use this word only a couple of times since then. I would also add that I think it could be used to mean "ineffective."

Writers should make a consistent practice of looking up words they want to use. Just thinking a word means something (as I had done) is not good enough and can sometimes cause astute readers to break into fits of laughter over the misuse of words. The Internet is a good place to find complete lists of misused words, homonyms that cause confusion, and even words that are often spelled wrong by a single letter that completely change  the meaning. I've thrown out a list of words that come to mind, below in no particular order. These are by no means exhaustive, but they may be instructive.

Temerity/Timidity. Temerity is a kind of overconfidence; whereas timidity displays a lack of confidence.

Conscience/Conscious. Guilt machine vs. awake and aware.

Faint/Feint are occasionally used interchangeably, but their meanings are completely different.

Further/Farther. One means "in addition to" and the other means "a greater distance."

However/how ever. However (one word) and how ever (two words) do not mean the same thing. However cannot be substituted for how ever. However is a coordinating conjunction, an adverb, and means something akin to "but." How ever means something like "by any method" in a sentence like this:

How ever you want to assemble this desk is up to you.

Unfortunately most writers these days use "however" in the above sentence. It is not correct. Many editors do not catch the distinction, either.

Sometimes, over time, two- and three-word phrases first become hyphenated and then become one word. The only example I can think of at the moment is the phrase "none the less," which over time has become "nonetheless," and should always be spelled as one word.

Accept/Except. They're not interchangeable, but many writers try. All applicants will be excepted (which I guess means that no one will be accepted).

Ascend/Descend. These words do not need "up" and "down" to complete their meaning.

Affect/Effect. This is another pair of words that many writers confuse, because "effect" can be used as a verb, but is usually a noun. Affect can sometimes be used as a noun but is usually a verb.

The effect (noun) of the bomb blast was devastating on the building. We will only effect (verb) change if we work together. You can affect (verb) the outcome of the election by voting. It was the affect (noun) of sophistication he assumed that put off most women.

Lose/Loose. The first word means to misplace; the second word means "not tight."

Diner/dinner. A diner is where you have dinner, albeit probably not a very fancy one.

Desert/Dessert. The desert is not a good place to have dessert.

Discreet/discrete. I have difficulty remembering which is which. Please look up these words and let me know, which is which!

Afraid/scared. These are not interchangeable. But people often use "scared" when they mean afraid. I'm scared of snakes. No, actually, you're afraid of snakes, because snakes scare you. You could say, "I'm scared by snakes." Think of the verb "scare" as requiring an actor to do the scaring. On the other hand, "afraid" does not take an actor and is generally an adjective.

Bring/take; come/go. Oh boy, when to use these words is very subtle and actually has to do with where you are in relation to where you are going. It also has to do with who is receiving the action. There are exceptions, but it's fun to try to figure out these differences. Below are some specifically constructed sentences to illustrate when to use bring vs. take or come vs. go.

I'm going to take a casserole to the party.
John asked me to bring a casserole to the party.
Take the files out of the office and bring them to me at the restaurant.
Bring the files with you when you come to the restaurant to see me.
Take the files with you when you go to the restaurant.
I will be going to Spain in the fall.
I will be coming to see you in Spain in the fall.

I would also suggest that writers look up these paired words for a better explanation about their subtle usage.

Less/Fewer. This is one of the most misused word choices in daily speech that we make, and I am guilty of it, too. "Less" indicates an indeterminate or approximate value; whereas "fewer" indicates a determinant amount. "There is less milk than I thought," but "there are fewer ounces". Fewer people stood in line than yesterday. Less milk, fewer eggs. Note that the countable quantities are specific (ounces, people, eggs). The approximations are milk and other liquids that need to be measured, rather than ounces of milk—or less of anything that is not readily quantifiable. It's a toss-up about grains of sand. We'd probably be all right to say less sand on the beach, rather than fewer grains of sand, etc.

Here are a few words with different spellings that sound the same and have different meanings. Careless writers make these mistakes even though I suspect they know the difference.

To, too, and two
There, their, they're, and sometimes there're (this last should never be used)
Were, we're and yes, even where.

The apostrophe is erroneously used in words the writer wishes to make plural, but there are occasions when the apostrophe is used to form plurals. Confused? Don't be. The only time an apostrophe is used to signify a plural is with acronyms, single-letter and numerical plurals: Cross all your t's, dot all your i's, and how many 2's are in 10? In all other cases, only the "s" or "es" is used to pluralize a word. The Donaldsons and the Gibsons are coming for dinner. If there are apostrophe "s" combinations, then it would be possessive. That's the Donaldsons' car in the driveway.

And so, since the Donaldsons are here, I better go.

Revision is the Most Important Part of Writing

Revision of a Work Should Constitute 75 Percent of the Writing Process

The faint of heart might not want to read this post.

When I taught writing at the university level the students and I had a limited amount of time to cover a great deal of material. During the years that I taught writing, it was almost a universal that students (freshmen, sophomores) came to college ill prepared in English and composition. And I had to balance the needs of those students against the older returning students who had been out in the real world and saw that they would never advance very far if they didn't further their education. These students came with much higher expectations about a writing class than the eighteen- and nineteen-year-olds.

But both kinds of students had a difficult time accepting the notion that what you first write is not the finished product. I had a penchant for assigning controversial topics to be covered in their essays. I was amazed that they thought a paragraph on the pros and a paragraph on the cons were enough to fully state their positions and to be convincing. They were amazed when I made them redo the essays. If I had had more time, I would have had them revise the same essays throughout the semester.

Yes, even seasoned writers can get absolutely sick of revising the same work, along about the fifth full revision. On the other hand, I love revision. To me, it's where the true magic of writing takes place. It's where the finished product reads as if writing it was effortless, where it appears that the words just flowed in a bubbling stream from start to finish.

Consider two very different novels and two very different writers: James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea. Aside from the fact that they have absolutely nothing in common, each illustrates a particular writer's voice and a distinct writing style. I would venture to say that both authors worked very hard and a long time to get the overall structure just right, to make every sentence contribute precisely as intended. They no doubt thoughtfully considered every word, every nuance of those words. They also no doubt revised their description of character and setting until they felt that their characters captured the essence of what they were trying to convey about humans and human nature, about internal and external conflicts, about the way setting and other factors influenced the mood in the story.

But Joyce's work is almost impenetrable to casual readers, while Hemingway's work is cut to the bare bones. Yet both are considered great literature. One's style is challenging in vocabulary and syntax and is intimidating from the very first sentence, while the other's style is deceptively easy to understand and accessible to readers. They did not achieve their goals by writing a single draft. Their style and substance came through precisely because they revised and revised again and again.

James Joyce: Finnegans Wake
“riverrun, past Eve and Adam’s, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs.”

Ernest Hemingway: The Old Man and the Sea
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish.

Between these two extremes of expression lie most writers. In a sense, one revises a novel to achieve a consistent voice, both for the way in which the story reads and the narrative voice.

Let's come up with an idea for a novel, right now; then let's write a complete first draft...

There. That took about 25 percent of our time.

Coming up with the idea for the novel probably took 10 percent, and writing the first draft took 15 percent. Now we're a quarter of the way through the entire writing process. See the previous post "Editing Comes in Stages" about halfway down, for a detailed list of things we should consider when we set out to revise a novel. In truth, this is only part of the process of revision.

Basically, when we revise a completed work we look at everything, both narrative and technical.

• Plot/structure
• Plot flow/subplots (story lines)
• Character and setting description
• Dialogue
• Narrative voice
• Narrative tense
• Syntax
• Grammar
• Punctuation
• Spelling
• Word choice

This short list should alert you to what now needs to be done with the novel you have just written and to which you have just appended "The End."

As an editor and one who evaluates other writers' books, I can tell what parts of the novel the writer has worked and reworked and which parts he/she has not addressed as fully. I have a tendency to revise the opening of my novels more than other parts, but eventually I make two or three major sweeps through the entire novel—and then it's off to an editor. I would never consider it finished until an independent set of eyes went over it. And then I revise it again, fine tuning it.

When I evaluate a novel for another writer, and let's say the novel contains graphic sex, I can usually tell just how important such scenes are to the writer over and above the parts between the sex scenes, not only by their frequency, but also by how descriptive they are in comparison, say, to the dinner the suitor has taken the date to prior to getting him  or her into bed. In that case (seeing that the writer's focus was on the graphic sex), I will usually have to point out other parts of the story that need to be revised to balance out the detail and description of the graphic sex scenes.

But seriously, it is through revision of a thousand different considerations where a novel finally begins to take on its final shape. In my early days, I also sent half-baked "finished" novels to friends and family to read and comment on. Even the gentlest of readers had questions, lots of questions that I hadn't even considered, and through time, I incorporated such questions into my own revision strategy. My style is to pair down on the language, to use simple Anglo Saxon words and fewer French-based words that have made their way into English, which makes my style more like Ernest Hemingway and a lot less like James Joyce. But this does not come naturally, I have to work at it through revision.

Revision also takes on a life of its own when we consider historical novels. The author has to appear to write effortlessly about historical facts that imbue the narrative with authenticity. And that takes a great deal of research. The historical facts have to be incorporated into the story in such a way that they are not consciously historical but common and familiar to the characters, even though readers know that the author is a modern-day writer and did not live in the period about which he/she writes. The same can be said about science-fiction novels. The writer no doubt has to do a lot of research to get the science just right, or astute readers will choke on the bad science concepts. But then, almost every genre has its own knowledge base. Police procedural novels have to ring true, and I have read about writers who get themselves assigned to a police department, go out on calls, and observe the processes in a police station.

Because of these requirements to achieve verisimilitude, the adage to write what you know is very good advice. If you've never flown a jet, you have a lot of research to do before your main character is a believable jet pilot.

I have a feeling that this post topic is too important to attempt covering all the aspects of revision in one sitting. So...to be continued...

Editing Comes in Stages

What is the "Right" Type of Editing for Your Work?

The services offered to new writers at CreateSpace, iUniverse, and other such companies come in a wide range of choices, which can be confusing for new writers. How do you know if you really need to pay high prices for developmental editing, advanced editing, basic copyediting, or simple proofreading? If you do not have a line of competent beta readers before you decide to hire a company to edit your work, the truth is you don't know what kind of editing your work needs.

A "beta" reader can be your Aunt Emmy, who taught English in high school, your friends willing to give your book a good read, or you can consider hiring a professional writer/editor, preferably someone who has also been published and knows what pitfalls lie in the path of self-editing. As a professional writer/editor, I wouldn't dream of publishing a book without also hiring an editor! It's not that writers, but especially new writers, are inherently bad writers, lacking in editing skills, or other weaknesses; rather, it's that all writers don't see what's on the page in front of them when attempting to edit their own work. They see what is in their heads and can easily pass over simple problems like reading "that" when the text clearly says "than." More of a challenge, however, is for the writer to see how a story is put together, rather than what she thinks is written. She doesn't know that she has gone twenty-five pages without giving the main character a name.

Sure she has given the character a name; she just hasn't told the reader what it is.

And she knows what the story is about, what the conflict between two characters is, but she hasn't made that clear to the reader. She knows what the apartment looks like where the main character lives; she just hasn't told the reader what it looks like. Nor has she adequately described the characters. She knows her heroine is a red head, but the readers don't. She knows the scene is taking place at night, but the readers don't.

Answering all such questions and more is precisely what a book evaluation can do for the writer. This is not to imply that many writers are not very astute in keeping readers' needs and expectations in mind as they revise their novels. A book evaluation can affirm the strength of a book, as well as point out weaknesses. In my many years of experience doing book evaluations, I also note that some of the best new writers seek out such detailed evaluations. A book evaluation is useful for pointing the way for a writer to consider revision strategies for her book.

Instead of first sending off your just-finished work to a big company with hundreds of editors on the payroll, where you have many decisions to make on the kind of editing services you think you need (but may not) and paying thousands of dollars, I strongly recommend that new writers hire a book evaluator to perform a thorough read.

Two Brothers Press has just such a service, and here is what we provide at a really minimal cost:

1. Developmental Editing Analysis

• A detailed analysis of the plot (if it's fiction).
• A detailed analysis of the subplots (story lines that contribute to plot development).
• Determining if the plot and story lines are highly original or uncomfortably close to being rather cliched. How many other books out there are interchangeable with this one?
• An analysis of whether the plot elements and story lines are presented in the best and most effective order. Do chapters need to be rearranged? Is the plot linear or circular?
• Is there a true narrative arc (plot development), usually echoing a three-act structure, so that it has a clear beginning, middle, and end?
• What point of view is the story told from: a character/narrator? An omniscient narrator?
• Is the opening well done, so that readers will be hooked and want to find out what happens, or is it flat and uninteresting and supplying little to make the reader even turn the page?
• Does the ending really relate to the opening in a meaningful way? Does the ending make sense based on what has happened in the story, or is it unsatisfying in too many ways, so that readers will not see the relationship between what has happened and how the story ends? Is there an ending at all? Are readers left hanging and dissatisfied? Are there hints in the ending that this will be a series?
• Based on the kind of genre category this work fits into, is the plot pacing and story development done well, or does it drag in places that it shouldn't? Is it paced too fast, thus lacking in adequate plot development?
• Is dialogue well done and relevant to the story, or is it irrelevant consisting of conversation just for the sake of having dialogue? Does the dialogue contribute to character development? Does the dialogue act as a vital avenue for story development? Does the dialogue take place in a vacuum or in a well-described setting?
• A detailed analysis of the characters.
• Is there a clear protagonist?
• Is there a clear antagonist?
• Does the work have too many characters, some of which could be combined? Are there too few characters? Can readers really even see the characters in their mind's eye, or are the characters generally nebulous and ill defined?
• Are the characters' names too confusing to easily remember? (This is usually a problem with fantasy writers who think that characters' names need to be overly exotic, tending to make up names with impossible to pronounce spellings. You might think you've stumbled into Irish legend the names are so odd and forgettable.)
• Do the characters have similar or different ways of speaking? Is their speech stilted and unnatural? 
• In scenes involving several characters, is it clear who is speaking?
• As the story unfolds do the characters seem to grow as a result of their experiences, or do they stay the same throughout? On the other hand, are the characters true to themselves or do they unaccountably change without logical reasons?
• Are the settings and characters well and adequately described or does the writer seem to expect readers to "fill in the detail"? Is there too much detail?

Copyediting Analysis

• An analysis (with examples) of issues in grammar, punctuation, spelling, word choice.
• An analysis of the author's writing style, syntax: things that aren't "technically" wrong but which have an impact on readability.

The items listed above are included in what is known as a book evaluation. This is different than the free 10-page copyedit evaluation, which Two Brothers Press also offers.

Editing comes in stages, and really, the very first "edit" should be the book evaluation. Writers might realize that they have some revisions to take care of before taking the next step in the editing process. In the evaluation stage, Two Brothers Press works directly with the author over a short period. If the writer submits his/her work to one of the big companies for basic or advanced copyediting, all personal contact with an editor is strictly limited, and the writer has to work through a company contact, rather than directly with the editor assigned to the project. What the writer ends up getting is artificial-intelligence editing. See the blog post "Editing Factories: A Little More Information."

Writers can also choose to stay with Two Brothers Press for the technical editing of the work and submit a typeset-ready document to a company—and save a bundle without compromising the professional editing. Further, companies are doing away with the initial book evaluation service. Do you know why? Because they can't make much money on book evaluations.

Your Characters Should Talk to You, the Author

Characters Should be Living Beings

I have relatives and friends I haven't seen in many years, but I know they're real, live beings...well, some may no longer be alive but that's another consideration.

The characters who came into being in my various novels are just as real and alive as my relatives and friends...well, except for the ones I killed off in the stories.

When I am writing, my characters talk to me. They argue with me about certain scenes I'm trying to force them to act in.

"That's not me, Ron, you should know that. But if you insist on making me act that way in this scene, you'll see that it won't work."

The characters are always right. I may have spent weeks on a particular scene that I feel needs to be included in the story, but if it never seems to be right, feels flat, disingenuous, or contrived, then I know my characters are telling me something. Eventually, I delete the scene or change it substantially, so that the characters—and not me, the writer—are satisfied.

Your characters should be true to themselves. This means that if you create a character who is supposed to be one way to fit the conflicts in the story, you should never morph these characters into different personalities. Oh, sure, characters are supposed to grow and change, depending on their experiences in a story, but you shouldn't mess with the core being of that character. I know...you want an example.

How about a really bad example?

If you've ever watched daytime or nighttime soap operas for more than a year, you might notice that many of the characters change to fit what the writers want to be new roles for them. Erica was a conniving, selfish person for many years, and yet, when the writers needed her to be sweet and innocent and a kind of heroine on the show, she changed, almost overnight. On Dynasty a character named Steven (I believe) started out as a gay son, had several conflict scenes with his family, his father, and others over this, but when it was time for his role to change, he was no longer gay...in other words, don't look to soap operas for consistency of characterization. Unless you're writing a soap opera. I suspect that Mexican Novellas (their version of soap operas) are even more chaotic with their characters.

I haven't addressed the idea of surreal fiction and other forms of storytelling where we really don't expect realism in characterization. The characters can comprise any number of roles, without being realistic.

But in general, once a character has been born (created) and readers have a good idea what this character is like, understand a character's strengths and weaknesses, these should not be messed with. In a sense, I suppose you could say that characters should be predictable to a degree. I remember when I was creating the main character in one of my novels. I created him specifically for his role in the story. He was to be the kind of male who was comfortable with himself, looked inward for validation of his feelings, not outward. And as I got to know him through the various scenes in the story, and as I thought of him when I was at work or driving home from work, I would create scenarios and ask: what would Joel do? How would he react in this traffic jam? How would he have handled the conflict at the office today? On the other hand, in the same story, I created an opposite kind of character, who only looked to others for validation of his feelings, I made him question himself, attempt to get answers from outside himself. Then, in the unfolding of the story, I used these basic character traits and showed, over the course of the story, how each of them learned from the other. This is character "growth" at its most basic.

Now, back to scenes they refused to play as I had written them. I had to allow them their basic character traits, had to learn to let them be who they were in each of the scenes. In that sense, they spoke to me, and as a writer I learned to listen to my characters. Sometimes, I would attempt to give a character a name, but later on, a character's name came to me, even as I was writing them into the story. I sometimes get tickled at new writers who set out to write a story, and they name their characters what obviously sound like stage names, rather than depending on good old stand by names of real people. We just don't have to try that hard to "come up with" names. The characters can be Bill or Connie or Uncle Fred; they don't have to be Allred, Constance, or Uncle Alistair.

A Novel Without a Plot

Can a Novel be Written Without a Plot?

When we think of novels and movies, one of the first things we ask is, "What is it about?" We're referring to the novel or movie's plot. And when we think of a plot, we're thinking conflict, development, and resolution. We've often heard it said that without conflict there is no story—and again, when we think of a story, we're thinking about plot.

Seinfeld billed itself as a TV Show about nothing. In that case, the TV series didn't have a gimmick as its frame for the entire, long-running show. If it was about anything, it was about the characters, and for sure, each of the episodes was about something. So, even a TV series about nothing had episodical plots.

During the course of my career as a writer and editor, I've never been inclined to say that "this novel has no plot" but as a book evaluator (some three hundred novels), I've come close a few times. I have had to point out to the writer that there's no "there" there. When a novel starts out with extended character description, background, and no indication of what the story is going to be about, I've usually stopped the writer, right there, and said, "Where's the hook? Where's the conflict? Readers won't continue beyond the first couple of pages, unless there's something 'going on' in this story." But many writers still begin their stories with a lot of detail and no hook, no conflict. Aside from the fact that they might also neglect giving a name to the first character we meet, there can be a saving grace for an opening that doesn't contain a hook, an indication of plot or conflict.

So, am I about to make a one-eighty turn as say that a novel can work without a plot? We need to get away from the idea that every novel has to be "exciting" and non-stop with a breath-taking plot pace. Let's leave that for thriller/suspense stories. Sometimes conflict itself can be a kind of plot. We will want to see how it is resolved for the characters. And sometimes the conflict can be very subtle. An elderly woman is waiting for her social security check. If she doesn't get it that day or the next, her heat is going to be cut off, and it's winter, and a snowstorm is on the way.

What can a writer do to make this niggling kind of conflict interesting? She has to find a way to make the elderly woman interesting, so readers will immediately feel empathy, and they will mentally be sitting on the edge of their seats when the postman arrives and sorts through the mail on the porch. The woman is watching from inside her small living room through a gap in the blinds.

Now, we probably can't build a novel-length plot out of this simple conflict. So we might consider, like Seinfeld's series about nothing, to make each chapter an episodical series of small conflicts, each resolved or not, to cause us to move to the next chapter. For example, let's say that by the end of the opening chapter, the social security check does not come.

This event sets up a new conflict in the elderly woman: now what am I going to do? We could also build tension by revving up the oncoming storm, with the wind picking up and the day turning darker instead of lighter.

Where would a writer take us from there? Maybe the elderly woman has a final piece of artwork or jewelry or some other treasure that she will have to take to the pawn shop, hoping to get enough for the piece to at least stave off having her heat shut off. And now she has to make the journey in the cold and wet to the pawn shop...

You can see that the story could continue such an empathetic mood for a while longer. But readers might not want to engage such a sad story for more than fifty pages or so. Readers need all kinds of "relief" from conflict throughout a story. It can't be downhill from the beginning, so that by the end the elderly woman breathes her last breath and dies—how predictable! Oh, it could end that way, but somewhere in the story we would want a sense of significance to engage us in the woman's struggle.

So, basically, if a novel is written without a strong plot, the writer has to create what we call a character-driven story.

Let's continue with the old woman's dilemma by taking a look at her character. We could use something within her to gather the strength, determination, and fortitude to virtually and literally "weather the storm."

Here are some particular character traits that could well determine the movement of the story, driving the plot. Each bulleted item creates different character traits for our main character.

• The old woman was a child of the Great Depression. She has raised six children, has fourteen grandchildren (now grown) and has a number of great-grandchildren. Because of her own childhood during the Great Depression, she has always paid cash for everything she owns. She worked many years, had a nest-egg, and even owns her home. The past few years have brought on unexpected reversals. She and her husband were financially devastated by illness, and her husband has been dead now for ten years. Her children are busy with their own lives, as are her grandchildren.
• The old woman has been dependent her entire life on her husband. She never worked herself and never thought she would have to. She has no skills, and now with her husband's death she is lost and has no way to get a job. 
• The old woman has always been a risk taker and never thought twice about jumping into quick-money schemes. She never married enjoying her own life and her own destiny, but now that she is older, even though she owns her home, she has no other assets, except for her Social Security.

Readers should be familiar with each of these different kinds of elderly people, and so they should be willing to accept that the old woman could have one or a combination of character traits that will drive the story, based upon her current crisis.

She could decide that she will need to take on a renter. She finds one, and based upon the sort of person who rents a room (with kitchen privileges) her situation could be solved or she might be trading one set of problems for another set of problems. Just use your imagination to think about how the story might unfold at this point. Remember that without an over-arching plot, the story will move along in a rather organic way, based upon the character traits.

She could decide (as a dependent person with no job skills) that she will go to one of her children and ask for help. Again, dependent upon the kind of characters her children are, she might get help from them, she might not, and she might even get taken out of her house and be put in a facility when her children realize that she is no longer able to "take care of herself."

She could decide to rob a bank. This might turn the story into a comedy of errors, and the dismal mood would be lifted as we root for her to get away with this insane idea.

As you can see, any of these possible scenarios that stem from the threat of having her heat turned off,  right in the middle of the oncoming winter, present an almost endless way for the story to unfold.

The point is that when there is not an overarching plot, we are in the realm of general fiction, a kind of nondescript genre. It is a story that is driven by context and character traits more than an event or plot idea presented within the opening pages of a novel. As for the pistol packing grandmotherly type above, I can attest from my own experience that one of my grandmothers could outshoot her three sons, but she never had to rob a bank.

I Want to Edit Your Work

My Autobiographical Love Affair...with Writing and Editing

I might have been the first fan-fiction writer in the world. I took my first characters from a book I read in fourth grade and then wrote a continuing story.  I loved writing, even as an eleven-year-old boy in a country school, with only thirteen children in fourth grade. We shared a classroom with third grade. As you can imagine, while the teacher was busy with the third graders, she had us reading, writing, or otherwise staying quiet while she gave instructions and lectured to the third graders. So, I loved the book, The Four Story Mistake, and I didn't want it to end, so while our teacher was busy with the other grade, I filled a spiral notebook with the continuing story. That was fifty-five years ago, so you could say I've been a writer since grade school.

I remember visiting relatives (an aunt and uncle on my father's side) one Christmas, and while everyone was sitting around the living room visiting, I had a yellow legal pad and wrote a "scary" story, which later I left on the arm of a sofa, and my heart skipped a beat when I saw one of my adult cousins pick it up and read it from start to finish. Later on, I worked up the courage to ask him what he thought, and he said it was "real interesting." I'm sure I was a little older than I was in fourth grade by then. My cousin was already an adult. My father was the youngest of nine children, so by the time he was old enough to have children of his own (there were six of us), we were all younger than most of our cousins or about the same age as a few of them who were born to Dad's sisters or brothers close to his age.

One of my cousins (near my age) and I wrote another story, which we both remember to this day (they say long-term memory doesn't fail when you're getting older nearly as much as short-term memory), even though we're dangerously close to being senior citizens. The story was called "The Three-Toed Killer," about an animal of some scary sort that we made up. Her father was impressed with our effort. We were impressed with our story, too. We actually finished it, and we didn't get into cousinly fights or spats during the whole day we spent on it.

In fact, I can recall many instances throughout my life where I set words to paper, trying to capture a real-life adventure, describe a certain feeling, to bring a place I loved to life. It was usually in an attempt to capture how it felt and what things were like as my family traveled and visited relatives. We could go all the way from Oregon to Louisiana and never have to spend the night in a hotel. We had relatives on both sides of our family spaced perfectly apart, so that Dad could plan our road trip and end up at a relative's house each night. Free room and board, free entertainment. We never took a vacation to places where there weren't relatives. My parents were children of the Great Depression.

Besides, when your relatives lived on farms and ranches, or ran laundromats in dying Texas towns, where Christmases were spent in old-fashioned towns and we bundled up to go to the town square to see Santa Clause, or rode horses and played among pine trees, or told ghost stories in isolated houses on a ranch, down the hill from the main house, what good were prefabbed vacations in places where everyone else went? I learned setting and character and plot development as a child. It was a natural kind of process as I wrote stories.

It was natural for me to major in English in school, as well; and it was natural for me to pursue jobs that allowed me to write and edit. So, despite (or because of) having now been a writer/editor for almost forty years, I still have a love affair with words. Although I'm retired from the university as a technical writer/editor, I've been working for companies that provide editorial services for an additional ten years. During that time, I've specialized in fiction of a wide range of genres, autobiography, and history.  I've written almost a dozen novels, and in 2008, I was given an award from a peer group of writers as "Outstanding Mid-Career Novelist." Yes, it came with a good cash award, but more importantly it was recognition from fellow writers. Of course, such an award does not make me a better writer or a good editor. This comes from helping other writers untangle mangled plot lines, develop characters that you can hear breathing, characters that sweat and give off body heat, settings that drip with rainwater, sear the lungs with desert heat, places that cause you to gasp in fear or wonder, well developed stories that cause the hair to stand up on the back of your head or cause you to sneak away to cry, cause you to laugh aloud and then look around the waiting room hoping no one is coming to take you away for such an outburst.

So, I want to edit your book. I'm working independently these days, no longer part of an "editing factory." Your work can be very well edited in a technical sense from one of those places, but it will never achieve how it feels to arrive late at night at a relative's house during Christmas and step out of the car to be greeted shyly by cousins you haven't seen for a couple of years, taken upstairs to their strange rooms, or play Hide and Seek on a balmy summer night when the adults have gone indoors to visit and have coffee. The editor and the writer need to work together, closely, rather than be separated by a corporate factory wall. The editor and writer need to develop a working relationship like my cousin and I had that day long ago, until we are both impressed with the story.

How to Develop Characters for a Novel

Six Distinct Ways to Develop Character

1. Head to toe physical description

2. Unique physical and other characteristics 

3. How a character acts and reacts

4. What a character says about himself, about others, and about issues

5. What others say about a character and how that character responds

6. What a character thinks about

Other writers will no doubt come up with other ways to develop characters. In the nineteenth and earlier centuries, writers often used a character's name to indicate the kind of person a character was: Mr. Goodfellow, Snidely Whiplash, etc. But we also see modern-day examples: Miss Ballbricker (Porky's, the movie), Doug and Windy Whiner (SNL). Using names for characters that indicate a character's type is fun, but be careful not to overdo it. These days it often creates a comic mood.

Character physical description, along with unique physical characteristics

New writers often overlook a real physical description of their characters. My general rule of thumb is that as soon as a character is introduced in a story, readers should get a good first look at as much of the character as possible, followed by something unique in the character that distinguishes him or her from everyone else in the story. Of course there is the danger of intruding upon the story to stop and describe the character. But writers should find a way to sneak in the description at the earliest possible moment, without woodenly stopping the flow of the story. 

I suggest a top-down description:

When Leo came in from the rain, his normally curly black hair was plastered to his head, and the ringlets dripped water onto his face, as if he were sweating. His brow was creased, and his coal black eyebrows were drawn together resembling the wingspan of a predatory bird in flight. His deep blue eyes with girlishly long eyelashes, were unfortunately hidden behind thick-lensed glasses. They rode on the tip of his nose, which he pushed to the bridge of his nose against the insistent moisture on his face. In calmer moments people noticed his full and rather pale lips, which were pressed into a thin line at his wet discomfort. He pulled the backpack off his right shoulder and set it on the floor beside the first table he had come to in the coffee shop, and then he struggled out of his wet sports jacket. Normally, it hung on his thin shoulders like he'd borrowed it from a big brother. And once he'd removed the jacket, he flung it on the back of a chair at the table. He'd worn what he thought was his best dressy blue shirt, and it too clung to his undeveloped chest like a second skin. His corduroy slacks rode a little high on his trim waist. He was six feet tall, and fully half of that was waist, long thighs, and chicken-leg calves that prevented him from wearing shorts, as "chicken legs" was the first thought that came to him when he looked in the mirror. He'd worn Hushpuppy shoes and they squished as he managed to finally take a seat, trying to relax, having no idea that his usually chronic red cheeks, which some people mistook for a healthy demeanor, was now splotchy and hot looking, as if he were running a fever.

The above is definitely not great literature, but we learn several things about the character, Leo, just from the physical description, how he carries himself, how he is flustered from having gotten soaked before he got to the coffee shop. We also manage to describe his clothing, as well as a distinguishing characteristic in his chronic red cheeks. Yes, he might have Rosacea. We know that if he were not wet from the rain, his outfit would indicate that he had made some attempt to dress up, wearing his best dressy blue shirt, a sports jacket, and was going for a casual, well-dressed appearance. In entirely young, twenty-first century story of teenagers, we might also see that his dress would be considered nerdy. The thick-lensed glasses are a good start. Have them be taped on one of the earpieces, and the effect will scream "nerd!"

A writer can also choose to do a bottom-up description, which can be effective, let's say if a character is lying on the pavement having been attacked by an assailant, and when he comes to and another character is standing over him, it would be natural to begin with the shoes and work his way up to the face of the person standing over him. There are also scenes in movies where the first thing we see of a character, let's say of a beautiful woman arriving at a red-carpet affair, is her shoes as she steps out of the limousine onto the sidewalk, followed by her shapely calves, her clingy red dress, that shows off her lithe figure, and so on as we follow her movements out of the car, up her body, until we get a full view of her.

But it is also natural in real life that once we get an overall view of a person, we concentrate on the face, the eyes, the mouth, and whatever distinguishing characteristic that makes that person unique. Sometimes it is a limp, a missing limb, an overly large nose, any one of a million features.

How a character acts and reacts

This way of developing character can be used over and over throughout the novel. Maybe the local football star slaps Leo on the back, just as he's about to take a sip of latte, and we can see Leo cringe (indicating timidity, fear, or even feckless annoyance against a greater, more powerful character). Now let's take a look at how the football star comes into the same coffee shop, also soaking wet. He would no doubt be laughing and jovial, having enjoyed the spectacle of himself, and we can almost see him shaking off the water like a German Shepard coming in out of the rain. In fact the local football star might really like Leo and is simply not aware of his intimidating presence or the sudden discomfort he causes in Leo, when he slaps him on the back. We see these opposite actions and reactions in many scenes in both novels and movies, and it gives readers a chance to see into the personality of both characters at once. I'm going for the obvious action and reaction in simple scenes to show how we get a feel for a character as the story unfolds. But there are all kinds of nuances of character body language that can illustrate personality.

What a character says about himself, about others, and about issues 

(Here, we'll also show character direct and indirect thoughts during dialogue. This is part of the sixth way we reveal character traits and personality)

When we engage characters in dialogue, we have an opportunity to reveal further character traits. From my Two Brothers Press website, I have extracted a dialogue scene between husband and wife that shows how what they say, what they think, and how they react to each other reveals all sorts of character development. I have used what would be mundane dialogue, "What's for dinner?" (which I caution against) as a vehicle to carry the character development of both husband and wife:

"What are we having for dinner? John asked, almost shouting as soon as he stepped into the house, slamming the door behind him. It had been a hard day and he hoped his wife would hold up her end of their rotten marriage and feed him a good meal.

"Pizza," Betty shouted back. Whether John realized it or not, she worked just as hard as he did, and she wasn't about to slave over a hot stove, only to see him wolf down his food, fart, and move off to the living room to vegetate in front of the TV.

"What kind of pizza? John asked, irritated that Betty had once again ordered in their food. It better not be pepperoni, he thought. She knows it irritates my colon.

"Pepperoni," Betty said, lowering her voice, almost growling, daring John to complain. She wasn't about to work her ass off for him and never would again, since she'd found out he'd been boffing the secretary—and a good bout of methane gas and bloating would serve him right. Does rat poison look like parmesan? she wondered.

We can learn a great deal about the personalities and kind of characters these are by their actions, although nothing in what they say reveals personality traits. We see that the wife Betty has a passive-agressive personality by serving pepperoni pizza to her husband. While she barely does her "wifely" duty as John thinks she ought to, she refuses to really do his bidding, and she is punishing him at the same time, knowing that he will suffer from intestinal distress. The husband of course is a selfish person; he has his "fun" on the side with his secretary and yet still expects his wife to be there for him when he gets home. What I also tried to show is if writers must discuss mundane topics (and what's for dinner is surely among the mundane), it can be done in such a way that we get a great deal going on under the surface, not only by what is not said, but what each character thinks, in both direct thoughts (those that are italicized) and narrated thoughts (written in third person by the story narrator). Further the dialogue description (Betty lowers her voice and almost growls her answer), shows that she is angry. John's actions of slamming the door and almost shouting his question also reveals his state of mind.

 What others say about a character and how that character responds

Now, let's continue with another way to develop characters with Leo, Dave the football star, and a bully named Chad to reveal character traits, by what characters say about another character and how a character responds. To avoid cluttering up the example, I'm going to avoid detailed description of setting as the dialogue unfolds. It's still in the coffee shop, and to Leo's dismay Dave the football star has sat down at his table, and he is joined by Chad, the most popular non-athlete in the school.

    "So, four eyes, did you get my research paper done?" Chad asked. He leaned forward and grinned widely showing his perfect teeth, and it hit Leo that he probably practiced his million-dollar smile in the mirror.
    "Um-yeah," Leo said glancing at Dave and then at Chad. He pulled the still dripping back pack from the floor and rustled through a compartment until he pulled out a rather damp-feeling sheaf of papers. He was appalled at how the ink-jet printer ink had feathered into the paper, just enough to make the type look out of focus. "Um...it's damp. sorry."
    Chad snatched the research paper from Leo's grasp and thumbed through it, as both Dave and Leo watched. Chad looked up. "Redo it, you little chickenshit. I can't turn this in."
    "Uh—okay. I'll get it to—"
    "You're not doing any such thing, Leo," Dave said, flicking the edge of the paper. "You spent enough time." He turned his focus on Chad. "Make do with it, you moron," Dave said directly into Chad's fading million-dollar smile. 

In this really bad example, we see that Chad enjoys intimidating others, and of course he comes up with demeaning ways to inflict embarrassment on Leo. We see that Leo is painfully compliant, and this is a personality trait, at least in his overt reaction to what Chad says. We also see that in his mind, Leo sees through Chad's outward personality, knowing that like everyone else, he must practice the kind of mask he wears in public, flashing an obviously practiced smile.

And we see Dave's personality. He's impatient with badly behaving people like Chad, and perhaps his utter lack of self-consciousness allows him to be direct, telling Chad to accept the paper, damp or not, and be satisfied.

We can imagine the three young men's conversation either ending abruptly as Chad takes the paper and leaves the table, or we can see that perhaps he puts up resistance to Dave's demand that he accept the paper. We think that Dave will probably win this round, and we also see that he's rather protective of Leo.

What a character thinks about

As we saw in the above example, we get a hint at what Leo thinks about, and it reveals a bit of insight into his personality, when he realizes that Chad must practice his looks in a mirror. But more important than the internal thoughts that might accompany dialogue, we can use "what a character thinks about" to reveal much deeper aspects of a character's personality. When we see a character by himself, engaged in thinking, the writer needs to realize that there can be no lies. The character's inner thoughts must reflect how they really feel about things, how they really are, when they're by themselves. This is where evil and goodness are revealed in our main characters. I use the terms "evil" and "good" loosely, because it doesn't have to be murderous evil, just not good. When we see Chad alone, his thoughts might reveal how he enjoys controlling little nerds like Leo to do his bidding, or we might even see that he reveals his own fears and self-concept issues. We might see a side of Leo in his private moments that show readers how he really admires people like Dave the football star and how he wants to find a way to emulate such people. He might also reveal his own kind of "not good" when he thinks about how glad he was that the research paper he did for Chad was almost ruined by the rain. We might also learn that he deliberately sabotaged portions of the paper that would bring down its grade somewhat. Again, we might see that Leo also has a kind of passive-aggressive side to his personality.

In conclusion, writers should realize the value of using private moments and character thoughts to reveal deep, yet subtle personality traits in a story's characters.

Editing Factories - A Little More Information

Not to be Confused with "Editing Factories"

Quite frankly, I was surprised to note that the term "editing factory" had already been used in the following context: something having to do with enabling one to edit movies, enhance web pages, and associated software.

What I mean by an editing factory is what the freelance book editing industry has become seeking all the independent, agent-less, and non-traditionaly-published writers. In other words, writers who are going it alone and need their work edited, mainly for self-publishing, are the target clients for editing factories. Writers decide to self-publish for a variety of reasons, and self-publishing (usually through a POD company) is becoming the publishing  goal of hundreds of thousands of writers. I've done it myself after having been published traditionally. Writers want to take control of their own timetable for getting their work out to the public, and the smart writers know they need to have their books professionally edited before submitting them to self-publishing companies.

So there's a whole industry that has sprung up to accommodate those writers who want to make sure their books are competitive, competently edited, and ready for typesetting, which in turn will make their books appear as well-done as the traditionally published writer. Since the traditional book publishing industry is controlled by only five mega-companies, it is no wonder that new writers find it increasingly difficult to break into print the old way; and the old way was the new way near the turn of the nineteenth into the twentieth century. Before that...guess what...writers did it themselves.

So the editing factories I am referring to are those that have become big companies that hire a lot of freelance editors who work for wages. Elance.com, for example hires thousands of editors, each one hoping to get an editing assignment through Elance.com. You can almost see a big room with editors on staff working in cubicles, getting assignments and having their work quality-checked by another set of staff. Another such company is Scribendi, although my perusal of it did not show that it was for book-length manuscripts. Scribendi has over eight hundred editors waiting for an assignment. Although in reality the editors work at home on their own computers and download the assignments and upload the edited manuscripts back to the factory they work for.

The main characteristic of these factories is that the editors never meet the writers whose books they edit. Instead, the writer and editor are deliberately kept apart, and all correspondence between the writer who might have questions and the editor who answers them are handled by the go-between. Why do you think these factories don't want the editor and writer to be able to identify each other? Because they don't want the writer and editor to go off together and work on the manuscript by themselves. First, it would cut down on the income stream to the company. It's much better to keep the writer enthrall to silver, gold, and diamond services packages of various levels of edit and keep the editor on something a little more than minimum wage.

Are the editors who work for these factories good editors? Many of them are college students who manage to pass the editing tests the company gives them. They're not seasoned writers or editors. They're learning as they go. But these "editors" are seasoned and good enough to pass their quality checks on the manuscripts they edit. Not only are they given quality assurance tests, but they are required to return work that hits all the marks in the company's quality-check forms.

Spelling
Grammar

• Subject/verb agreement
• Pronoun reference/agreement
• Proper diction
• Proper comma usage
• Punctuation, in general
• Sentence fragments
• Run-on sentences
• Dangling participles
• Left-out word
• Number
• Citations/Endnotes
• Etc.

Then the QC wants to know if the editor

• Pointed out colloquialisms not in dialogue
• Pointed out wordiness (whenever possible)
• Did dialogue punctuation correctly
• Pointed out inconsistencies in character names

Concerns with formatting

Now, besides these obvious kinds of errors in a manuscript, and especially if we're dealing with fiction, these factories also want to make sure that editors cover a number of content and development issues:

Plot
Subplot
Character development
Description of setting and character
Structure in a three-act type of arrangement (usually)

But what is lacking in this kind of "artificial-intelligence" developmental editing is leaving out the creative aspects of editing. The factories want to see manuscripts drenched in the proverbial red ink, the more the obviously better a manuscript has been edited. But let's also be realistic, editing is done in these factories in a time-crunch system. Will the editor ponder a better way to develop the plot, take into account the three main types of conflict in all stories, fit the characters to the type of conflict that arrises, tailor the description of place and time to the needs of the story? Probably not in any truly meaningful way. I call this "artificial-intelligence" editing because the QC factors the factory managers have devised are basically checklists. The dream of some software companies is to devise intelligent grammar checking programs, but anyone who is a thinking, engaged writer will soon despair of using such software to better revise prose that is rhythmic, almost poetic in description, mood evoking in its unique way of expressing an idea, an action, or a character's personality.

I picked a grammar-checking software program at random on the Internet and used its "try it" button. I gave the checker two bad sentences to see how they would be improved:

Example 1

Test sentence: The Jews in World War 2 were sent to concentration camps by the Nazis and were treated badly. 

Corrected by grammar checker: The Jews in World War 2 were sent to concentration camps by the Nazis are being treated badly.
 

Example 2

Test sentence: Me and Jan got up in the morning, then he and I ran to the lake where we engaged in the process of swimming. 

Corrected by grammar checker: Grammar checker said there were no mistakes.

Example 1 is at the very least partially cast in passive voice, but there are also incorrect spelling/expressions in the sentence. The correction, which is the second sentence in each example is made even worse. Not only did the grammar checker NOT correct the passive voice, it also created an issue with verb tense. Nor did this "artificial intelligence" grammar software recognize just what the intent of the sentence might be.

Example 2 is even worse, since the grammar check said there were no mistakes. "Me and Jan got up" is incorrect. Should be Jan and I got up..." We NEVER use the object pronoun "me" in the subject pronoun's place in a sentence. And "engaged in the process of swimming" is unnecessarily wordy.

These examples illustrate only that artificial-intelligence grammar-checking programs are not there yet and that we still need a human touch. Now, how does this relate to editing factories and the thousands of editors (freshly minted college students, mostly) working there? By the very concept of the quality check forms that an editor's work is tested against when he/she has uploaded a freshly edited manuscript. Those doing the quality check will run the manuscript through a grammar and spell checker. You don't expect the QC people to also edit each manuscript, do you? The QC person also only spot checks a few pages here and there. Further, there is no way to "spot check" developmental editing, and yet these companies really kick into high gear with their up charges when it comes to developmental book editing—as much as 3.5 cents per word. In a hundred-thousand-word manuscript that's $3500.00. How much in royalties through book sales will it take to just break even?

The only true relationship that an editor and writer have that works as a collaborative effort is for the editor and writer to communicate directly with each other, and editing factories are simply not designed to allow this. Instead, writers should look for independent editors and bypass the editing factories, unless all the writer wants is a proofread manuscript, not a truly edited one.